AKU-EBClass X (SSC Part II)CHAPTER-WISE NOTES & SLO OUTCOMES
Physics — Chapter-Wise SLO Notes, Definitions & Formula Reference
Complete chapter-by-chapter 2025 AKU-EB Physics Student Learning Outcomes (SLOs), cognitive command levels, and core concepts.
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UNIT 11
Open in Full 2025 Syllabus ↗Unit 11: Wave Motion
SLO 11.1.1Level: Remembering (K)
define the following:
a. amplitude,
b. frequency,
c. oscillatory motion
d. periodic motion,
e. time period;
SLO 11.1.2Level: Application (A)
discuss the factors on which the time period of a simple pendulum depends;
SLO 11.1.3Level: Application (A)
solve word problems related to time period of a simple pendulum;
SLO 11.2.1Level: Remembering (K)
define mechanical waves;
SLO 11.2.2Level: Understanding (U)
describe wave motion as illustrated by vibrations in rope, a slinky spring and by experiments with water waves;
SLO 11.2.3Level: Understanding (U)
describe that waves transfer energy without transferring matter;
SLO 11.3.1Level: Understanding (U)
identify transverse and longitudinal waves in mechanical media;
SLO 11.3.2Level: Understanding (U)
distinguish between mechanical and electromagnetic waves;
SLO 11.4.1Level: Remembering (K)
define the following terms:
a. speed (v),
b. wavelength (λ),
c. crest,
d. trough,
e. wavefront,
f. compression and rarefaction;
SLO 11.4.2Level: Application (A)
analyse key characteristics of waves by interpreting graphical representations of waveforms;
SLO 11.4.3Level: Application (A)
derive equation v = f λ;
SLO 11.4.4Level: Application (A)
solve word problems using the relation f = 1/ T and v = f λ;
SLO 11.5.1Level: Remembering (K)
define the following terms:
a. reflection,
b. refraction,
c. diffraction;
SLO 11.5.2Level: Understanding (U)
describe the properties of waves such as reflection, refraction and diffraction with the help of the ripple tank effect.
UNIT 12
Open in Full 2025 Syllabus ↗Unit 12: Sound
SLO 12.1.1Level: Understanding (U)
explain the production of sound waves;
SLO 12.1.2Level: Understanding (U)
explain that sound waves cannot travel in a vacuum;
SLO 12.1.3Level: Understanding (U)
describe that the speed of sound depends upon the physical characteristic of a medium;
SLO 12.1.4Level: Understanding (U)
describe the longitudinal nature of sound waves;
SLO 12.1.5Level: Remembering (K)
state audible frequency range;
SLO 12.2.1Level: Remembering (K)
define the terms 'pitch', 'loudness' and 'quality of sound';
SLO 12.2.2Level: Understanding (U)
describe graphically the effect of changes in amplitude on loudness and the effect of changes in frequency on the pitch of sound;
SLO 12.2.3Level: Remembering (K)
define the intensity of sound and state its SI unit;
SLO 12.2.4Level: Understanding (U)
describe the intensity level of sound and mention its unit;
SLO 12.2.5Level: Application (A)
solve word problems related to the intensity level of sound;
SLO 12.3.1Level: Understanding (U)
describe an echo as the reflection of sound waves;
SLO 12.3.2Level: Understanding (U)
describe simple experiments to show the reflection of sound waves;
SLO 12.3.3Level: Application (A)
examine a method involving a measurement of distance and time for determining the speed of sound in air;
SLO 12.4.1Level: Understanding (U)
describe infrasound with examples;
SLO 12.4.2Level: Understanding (U)
describe ultrasound with examples;
SLO 12.5.1Level: Understanding (U)
describe the importance of acoustic protection;
SLO 12.5.2Level: Application (A)
analyse the effects of noise pollution on the environment.
UNIT 13
Open in Full 2025 Syllabus ↗Unit 13: Geometrical Optics
SLO 13.4.1Level: Remembering (K)
define total internal reflection;
SLO 13.4.2Level: Remembering (K)
state the conditions necessary for total internal reflection;
SLO 13.4.3Level: Understanding (U)
describe the relation between critical angle and refractive index;
SLO 13.4.4Level: Application (A)
solve word problems related to the critical angle and refractive index;
SLO 13.4.5Level: Application (A)
describe the use of total internal reflection in:
a. optical fibre,
b. periscope;
SLO 13.5.1Level: Application (A)
illustrate the action of thin converging and thin diverging lenses on a parallel beam of light;
SLO 13.5.2Level: Application (A)
draw images by placing objects at different positions in front of convex and concave lens;
SLO 13.5.3Level: Remembering (K)
differentiate between real and virtual images;
SLO 13.5.4Level: Application (A)
solve word problems related to the image location by lenses using lens formula;
SLO 13.6.1Level: Remembering (K)
define power of a lens and state its unit;
SLO 13.6.2Level: Remembering (K)
define magnifying power of lens;
SLO 13.7.1Level: Remembering (K)
define least distance of distinct vision;
SLO 13.7.2Level: Understanding (U)
describe the use of a single lens (magnifying glass) with its ray diagram;
SLO 13.8.1Level: Remembering (K)
define short-sightedness and long-sightedness;
SLO 13.8.2Level: Application (A)
draw ray diagrams to show the formation of images in the eye of an individual with reference to:
a. normal vision,
b. short-sightedness,
c. long-sightedness;
SLO 13.8.3Level: Understanding (U)
describe the correction of short-sightedness and long-sightedness using concave and convex lenses;
SLO 13.9.1Level: Remembering (K)
define the following:
a. acoustic lensing,
b. gravitational lensing.
UNIT 14
Open in Full 2025 Syllabus ↗Unit 14: Electrostatics
SLO 14.1.1Level: Remembering (K)
define charge and its types;
SLO 14.1.2Level: Understanding (U)
describe electric charge as an integral multiple of elementary charge (electron);
SLO 14.1.3Level: Understanding (U)
explain that charging of solids by friction involves only a transfer of negative charge (electrons);
SLO 14.1.4Level: Understanding (U)
describe production and detection of electric charge;
SLO 14.1.5Level: Understanding (U)
explain discharging of an insulator by:
a. putting it above a flame,
b. exposing it;
SLO 14.2.1Level: Remembering (K)
state that unlike charges attract and like charges repel;
SLO 14.2.2Level: Understanding (U)
explain Coulomb’s law;
SLO 14.2.3Level: Application (A)
solve word problems related to the electrostatic charges by using Coulomb’s law;
SLO 14.3.1Level: Understanding (U)
describe the process of electrostatic induction;
SLO 14.3.2Level: Understanding (U)
explain charging of a conductor by electrostatic induction;
SLO 14.4.1Level: Understanding (U)
describe the application of electrostatics in electrostatic precipitator and photocopier;
SLO 14.4.2Level: Understanding (U)
explain the process of lightning in atmosphere during thunderstorms;
SLO 14.4.3Level: Understanding (U)
identify different kinds of electrical lightning includes:
a. ball lightning,
b. elves,
c. ghosts,
d. jets,
e. pixies,
f. sprites,
g. trolls;
SLO 14.5.1Level: Remembering (K)
define electric field and electric field intensity;
SLO 14.5.2Level: Understanding (U)
describe that the direction of an electric field line at a point is the direction of the force exerted on a positive charge at that point;
SLO 14.5.3Level: Application (A)
draw electric field lines for:
a. an isolated positive charge,
b. an isolated negative point charge,
c. two-point charges having opposite charge,
d. two-point charges having identical charge;
SLO 14.5.4Level: Understanding (U)
explain phenomenon of electrical breakdown with its practical application in:
a. corona discharge ozone generator
b. gas discharge lamp,
c. lightning rod,
d. plasma display;
UNIT 15
Open in Full 2025 Syllabus ↗Unit 15: Electric Current
SLO 15.1.1Level: Remembering (K)
define electric current;
SLO 15.1.2Level: Understanding (U)
differentiate between conventional and non-conventional current;
SLO 15.1.3Level: Understanding (U)
differentiate between direct current (D.C.) and alternating current (A.C.);
SLO 15.1.4Level: Application (A)
solve word problems related to electric current using I = Q / t;
SLO 15.2.1Level: Understanding (U)
distinguish between conductors and insulators;
SLO 15.2.2Level: Understanding (U)
describe electrical conduction in metals in terms of the movement of free electrons;
SLO 15.3.1Level: Remembering (K)
define resistance and resistivity with its SI unit;
SLO 15.3.2Level: Understanding (U)
describe the following factors affecting the resistance of a metallic conductor: a. length of a conductor, b. cross-sectional area of a conductor, c. nature of a conductor, d. temperature of a conductor;
SLO 15.3.3Level: Understanding (U)
describe the phenomenon of superconductivity in solids;
SLO 15.3.4Level: Understanding (U)
describe the action of negative temperature coefficient (NTC) in thermistors and light dependent resistors;
SLO 15.4.1Level: Remembering (K)
define potential difference
SLO 15.4.2Level: Application (A)
solve word problems related to potential difference using V = work / q;
SLO 15.4.3Level: Understanding (U)
compare potential difference and electromotive force;
SLO 15.4.4Level: Remembering (K)
state that the e.m.f. of identical power sources connected in parallel is equal to the e.m.f. of one of the sources;
SLO 15.4.5Level: Application (A)
calculate the total e.m.f. where several power sources are arranged in series;
SLO 15.5.1Level: Remembering (K)
state Ohm’s law with its limitations;
SLO 15.5.2Level: Application (A)
interpret the I-V characteristics graph for a fixed resistor, a filament lamp and a thermistor;
SLO 15.6.1Level: Remembering (K)
define electrical power;
SLO 15.6.2Level: Understanding (U)
explain Joule’s law in terms of energy dissipated in the resistor;
SLO 15.6.3Level: Application (A)
solve word problems related to E = IVt = I2Rt = V 2 t / R ;
SLO 15.6.4Level: Application (A)
calculate the total energy cost based on the cost price of kWh;
SLO 15.7.1Level: Remembering (K)
state the use of electrical measuring devices; (galvanometer, ammeter and voltmeter)
SLO 15.8.1Level: Understanding (U)
describe the functions of live, neutral and earth wires in the domestic main power supply;
SLO 15.8.2Level: Remembering (K)
state common uses of electricity; (including heating, lighting, battery charging and powering motors and electronic systems);
SLO 15.8.3Level: Understanding (U)
describe common electric hazards that can result from malpractice and lack of maintenance; (damaged insulation, overheating cables, damp conditions, excess current from overloading of plugs, extension leads, single and multiple sockets when using a main supply);
SLO 15.8.4Level: Understanding (U)
explain the importance of connecting domestic (A.C.) supplies in parallel;
SLO 15.8.5Level: Understanding (U)
describe the usage of A.C. in daily life (switches, fuses, circuit breakers);
SLO 15.8.6Level: Understanding (U)
explain the safety measures in household electricity.
UNIT 16
Open in Full 2025 Syllabus ↗Unit 16: D.C. Circuits
SLO 16.1.1Level: Remembering (K)
describe the characteristics of series and parallel combinations of resistors;
SLO 16.1.2Level: Application (A)
derive the effective/ equivalent resistance of resistors connected in series and in parallel;
SLO 16.1.3Level: Application (A)
calculate the effective/ equivalent resistance of resistors connected in series, parallel and both;
SLO 16.2.1Level: Remembering (K)
define electric circuits;
SLO 16.2.2Level: Application (A)
draw the circuit diagrams of the following electrical components:
a. ammeters,
b. batteries,
c. cells,
d. diodes,
e. fuses,
f. lamps,
g. light-dependent resistors (LDRs),
h. light-emitting diodes (LEDs),
i. resistors (fixed and variable),
j. switches,
k. thermistors (NTC only),
l. voltmeters;
SLO 16.2.3Level: Application (A)
calculate current, voltage, power and resistance in parts of a circuit or in the whole circuit that includes three resistors.
UNIT 17
Open in Full 2025 Syllabus ↗Unit 17: Magnetism and Electromagnetism
SLO 17.1.1Level: Remembering (K)
define magnetic and non-magnetic substances;
SLO 17.1.2Level: Remembering (K)
state domain theory of magnetism;
SLO 17.1.3Level: Understanding (U)
explain magnetisation and demagnetisation of materials in light of domain theory;
SLO 17.1.4Level: Remembering (K)
define diamagnetic, paramagnetic and ferromagnetic solids;
SLO 17.1.5Level: Understanding (U)
compare soft and hard ferromagnetic materials;
SLO 17.1.6Level: Understanding (U)
describe uses of permanent magnets and electromagnets;
SLO 17.2.1Level: Remembering (K)
define the forces acting between magnetic poles and those between magnets and magnetic materials;
SLO 17.2.2Level: Understanding (U)
describe the direction of the magnetic field of a magnet at a point;
SLO 17.2.3Level: Understanding (U)
describe magnetic fields and magnetic lines of forces between the two poles of a magnet;
SLO 17.2.4Level: Understanding (U)
compare strong and weak magnetic fields;
SLO 17.2.5Level: Remembering (K)
define magnetic flux;
SLO 17.2.6Level: Understanding (U)
explain the formation of the Earth’s magnetic field;
SLO 17.3.1Level: Understanding (U)
describe the pattern and direction of the magnetic field due to currents in straight wires and in solenoids;
SLO 17.3.2Level: Understanding (U)
describe the effect of changing the magnitude and direction of the current on the magnetic field;
SLO 17.3.3Level: Understanding (U)
describe the magnetic effect of a current in:
a. loudspeakers,
b. relays in switching circuits;
SLO 17.4.1Level: Application (A)
show that a magnetic force acts on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field;
SLO 17.4.2Level: Remembering (K)
state Fleming’s left-hand rule;
SLO 17.4.3Level: Understanding (U)
describe the effect on the magnetic force of reversing the direction of current and magnetic field;
SLO 17.4.4Level: Understanding (U)
describe the magnetic field patterns between parallel current carrying conductors and relate these to the forces on the conductors;
SLO 17.5.1Level: Understanding (U)
describe that a current carrying coil in a magnetic field experiences a torque with the help of Fleming’s left-hand rule;
SLO 17.5.2Level: Understanding (U)
describe the turning effect is increased by increasing the:
a. area of a coil,
b. electric current,
c. number of turns on the coil,
d. strength of the magnetic field;
SLO 17.5.3Level: Understanding (U)
describe construction and working of a D.C. motor.
UNIT 18
Open in Full 2025 Syllabus ↗Unit 18: Electromagnetic Induction
SLO 18.1.1Level: Understanding (U)
describe that a changing magnetic field can induce electromotive force (e.m.f.) in a wire or coil;
SLO 18.1.2Level: Understanding (U)
describe that the magnitude of an induced e.m.f. is affected by the:
a. rate of change of the magnetic field or the rate of cutting of magnetic field lines,
b. number of turns in a coil;
SLO 18.2.1Level: Remembering (K)
state Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction;
SLO 18.2.2Level: Understanding (U)
describe Lenz’s law, setup an experiment to show that an e.m.f. induces with in a coil opposes the change that produces it;
SLO 18.3.1Level: Understanding (U)
describe the simple construction and working of an A.C. generator;
SLO 18.3.2Level: Application (A)
interpret graphs of e.m.f. against time for simple A.C. generators;
SLO 18.4.1Level: Remembering (K)
define self-induction;
SLO 18.4.2Level: Remembering (K)
define mutual induction;
SLO 18.4.3Level: Understanding (U)
describe inductance;
SLO 18.5.1Level: Understanding (U)
describe the construction and the principle of operation of a simple iron-cored transformer;
SLO 18.5.2Level: Remembering (K)
state the two types of transformers and their uses;
SLO 18.5.3Level: Application (A)
discuss the application of transformer in high voltage transmission;
SLO 18.5.4Level: Application (A)
solve word problem using the transformer equation Vs/Vp = Ip/Is = Ns/Np;
UNIT 19
Open in Full 2025 Syllabus ↗Unit 19: Electromagnetic Waves and Electronics
SLO 19.1.1Level: Understanding (U)
describe the production, transmission and reception of electromagnetic (EM) waves;
SLO 19.1.2Level: Understanding (U)
describe the main regions of the electromagnetic spectrum in order of frequency and order of wavelength with their applications;
SLO 19.1.3Level: Remembering (K)
describe the damages caused by electromagnetic radiation;
SLO 19.2.1Level: Understanding (U)
explain the process of thermionic emission emitted from a filament;
SLO 19.2.2Level: Understanding (U)
describe the simple construction and use of an electron gun as a source of electron beam;
SLO 19.3.1Level: Understanding (U)
describe the effect of electric and magnetic field on an electron beam;
SLO 19.3.2Level: Understanding (U)
describe the basic principle and uses of CRO and make a list of its uses;
SLO 19.3.3Level: Application (A)
interpret waveforms on oscilloscopes;
SLO 19.4.1Level: Understanding (U)
explain the importance of electronics;
SLO 19.4.2Level: Understanding (U)
compare analogue and digital electronics;
SLO 19.5.1Level: Remembering (K)
state Boolean algebra;
SLO 19.5.2Level: Application (A)
convert decimal numbers into binary numbers;
SLO 19.5.3Level: Remembering (K)
state the basic operations of digital electronics;
SLO 19.5.4Level: Understanding (U)
identify and make the symbols for the logic gates; (NOT, OR, AND, NOR and NAND)
SLO 19.5.5Level: Remembering (K)
state the action of logic gates in truth table form with two inputs;
SLO 19.5.6Level: Application (A)
use universal gates (NAND and NOR) to create NOT, OR and AND;
SLO 19.5.7Level: Understanding (U)
describe the uses of logic gates.
UNIT 20
Open in Full 2025 Syllabus ↗Unit 20: Atomic and Nuclear Physics
SLO 20.1.1Level: Remembering (K)
describe that the alpha particle scattering experiments provide evidence for:
a. a very small nucleus surrounded by mostly empty space,
b. a nucleus containing most of the mass of the atom,
c. a nucleus that is positively charged;
SLO 20.2.1Level: Remembering (K)
describe the composition of the nucleus of an atom in terms of protons and neutrons;
SLO 20.2.2Level: Understanding (U)
explain that the number of protons in a nucleus distinguishes one element from the other;
SLO 20.2.3Level: Application (A)
show various nuclides by using the symbol of proton number (Z), nucleon number (A) and the nuclide notation (X);
SLO 20.3.1Level: Remembering (K)
define isotopes;
SLO 20.3.2Level: Remembering (K)
state that an element may have more than one isotope;
SLO 20.3.3Level: Remembering (K)
describe the uses of isotopes in:
a. diagnosis and treatment of cancer,
b. household fire (smoke) alarms,
c. irradiating food to kill bacteria,
d. measuring and controlling thicknesses of materials,
e. sterilisation of equipment;
SLO 20.4.1Level: Remembering (K)
define radioactivity;
SLO 20.4.2Level: Understanding (U)
explain that some nuclei are unstable;
SLO 20.4.3Level: Remembering (K)
describe the spontaneous and random emission of radiation from a nucleus;
SLO 20.4.4Level: Remembering (K)
describe the properties of the three types of radiation (α, β and γ);
SLO 20.4.5Level: Understanding (U)
explain that an element may change into another element when radioactivity occurs;
SLO 20.4.6Level: Application (A)
show changes in the composition of a nucleus by symbolic equations when alpha or beta particles are emitted from it;
SLO 20.5.1Level: Understanding (U)
explain the existence of background radiation;
SLO 20.5.2Level: Remembering (K)
state the sources that make a significant contribution to the background radiation including:
a. cosmic rays,
b. food and drinks,
c. radon gas (in the air),
d. rocks and buildings;
SLO 20.6.1Level: Understanding (U)
explain half-life of a radioactive material;
SLO 20.6.2Level: Application (A)
calculate the half-life of radioactive elements;
SLO 20.6.3Level: Application (A)
draw graphs showing decay curves of these elements;
SLO 20.6.4Level: Remembering (K)
describe the process of carbon dating to estimate the age of ancient objects;
SLO 20.7.1Level: Remembering (K)
describe nuclear fission and fusion reactions;
SLO 20.7.2Level: Application (A)
calculate the energy released in the process of nuclear reaction using the equation E = mc2;
SLO 20.7.3Level: Remembering (K)
state the nature of the Sun consisting mostly of hydrogen and helium and radiates most of its energy;
SLO 20.8.1Level: Remembering (K)
state the effects of ionising nuclear radiations on living things, including cell death, mutations and cancer;
SLO 20.8.2Level: Understanding (U)
explain that radioactive materials are moved, used and stored in a safe way, with reference to:
a. reducing exposure time,
b. using shield to absorb radiation,
c. increasing distance between source and living tissue;