AKU-EBClass IX (SSC Part I)CHAPTER-WISE NOTES & SLO OUTCOMES

Physics — Chapter-Wise SLO Notes, Definitions & Formula Reference

Complete chapter-by-chapter 2025 AKU-EB Physics Student Learning Outcomes (SLOs), cognitive command levels, and core concepts.

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UNIT 1

Unit 1: Measurement

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SLO 1.1.1Level: Understanding (U)

differentiate between physical and non-physical quantities;

SLO 1.1.2Level: Understanding (U)

exemplify that physics is based on physical quantities only;

SLO 1.1.3Level: Understanding (U)

identify various physical quantities as base and derive quantities;

SLO 1.2.1Level: Remembering (K)

list the seven base quantities of International System (SI) along with their symbols and units;

SLO 1.2.2Level: Understanding (U)

differentiate between base and derived physical quantities and units;

SLO 1.3.1Level: Application (A)

convert prefixes and their symbols to indicate multiples and sub-multiples for base and derived units;

SLO 1.3.2Level: Application (A)

convert numerical values of measurement in scientific notation;

SLO 1.4.1Level: Understanding (U)

differentiate between scalar and vector quantities;

SLO 1.4.2Level: Remembering (K)

list out various physical quantities as scalar or vector;

SLO 1.4.3Level: Understanding (U)

describe the ‘head to tail’ rule of vector addition;

SLO 1.4.4Level: Application (A)

determine, using Pythagoras theorem and graphs, the resultant of two vectors at right angle;

SLO 1.5.1Level: Understanding (U)

identify measuring instruments;

SLO 1.5.2Level: Application (A)

determine the least count (LC) of the measuring instruments;

SLO 1.5.3Level: Understanding (U)

describe the working of measuring instruments;

SLO 1.5.4Level: Application (A)

determine an average value of the measurement by measuring multiples values of the quantity;

SLO 1.6.1Level: Understanding (U)

identify sources of errors (systematic and random) in the measurement;

SLO 1.6.2Level: Understanding (U)

differentiate between precision and accuracy;

SLO 1.7.1Level: Understanding (U)

describe significant figures;

SLO 1.7.2Level: Application (A)

apply the rules for rounding a number to the appropriate number of significant figures.

UNIT 2

Unit 2: Kinematics

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SLO 2.1.1Level: Remembering (K)

define rest and motion;

SLO 2.2.1Level: Understanding (U)

differentiate among the different types of motion, i.e., translatory (linear, random, circular), rotatory and vibratory motion;

SLO 2.3.1Level: Remembering (K)

define the following terms: a. distance, b. displacement, c. speed, d. velocity, e. acceleration;

SLO 2.3.2Level: Application (A)

calculate average speed, average velocity and acceleration;

SLO 2.3.3Level: Understanding (U)

differentiate between: a. distance and displacement, b. speed and velocity, c. average speed and instantaneous speed, d. uniform and non-uniform velocity, e. uniform and non-uniform acceleration;

SLO 2.3.4Level: Remembering (K)

describe the universal speed limit of any object in the universe that is approximately 3 × 108 m/s;

SLO 2.4.1Level: Application (A)

interpret distance-time graph and speed-time graph;

SLO 2.4.2Level: Application (A)

determine the slope/ gradient of distance-time and speed-time graph;

SLO 2.4.3Level: Application (A)

infer the following states of a body based on the given graph: a. at rest, b. moving with constant speed, c. moving with positive acceleration, d. moving with negative acceleration;

SLO 2.4.4Level: Application (A)

calculate the area under the speed-time graph of uniformly accelerated objects to find out the distance covered by the objects;

SLO 2.5.1Level: Understanding (U)

define acceleration due to gravity;

SLO 2.5.2Level: Application (A)

solve word problems related to free-falling bodies using the relation g = Δv/ Δt.

UNIT 3

Unit 3: Dynamics

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SLO 3.1.1Level: Understanding (U)

differentiate between mass and weight;

SLO 3.1.2Level: Understanding (U)

explain that the mass of an object resists changes from its state of rest or motion (inertia);

SLO 3.1.3Level: Remembering (K)

define gravitational field strength;

SLO 3.1.4Level: Application (A)

solve word problems using the relation w = mg;

SLO 3.2.1Level: Understanding (U)

describe the concept of force with its SI unit;

SLO 3.2.2Level: Understanding (U)

define contact and non-contact forces;

SLO 3.2.3Level: Understanding (U)

identify the following forces as contact and non-contact forces: a. air resistance, b. drag force (push, pull), c. electrostatic force, d. force of friction, e. gravitational force, f. magnetic force, g. tension (elastic force), h. thrust (driving force);

SLO 3.2.4Level: Remembering (K)

state four fundamental forces of nature in terms of their relative strength;

SLO 3.2.5Level: Remembering (K)

mention the role of Pakistani scientists in proving the weak forces and the electromagnetic force are unified;

SLO 3.2.6Level: Application (A)

represent the forces acting on a body using a free-body diagram;

SLO 3.3.1Level: Understanding (U)

explain Newton’s laws of motion;

SLO 3.3.2Level: Remembering (K)

state the limitations of Newton’s laws of motion;

SLO 3.3.3Level: Understanding (U)

identify the effect of force on velocity of a body acting in the: a. same direction, b. opposite direction, c. perpendicular direction;

SLO 3.3.4Level: Application (A)

determine the resultant of two or more forces acting along the same straight line;

SLO 3.3.5Level: Understanding (U)

identify those objects falling in the presence of a resistive force may reach a terminal (constant) velocity;

SLO 3.4.1Level: Remembering (K)

define momentum with its units;

SLO 3.4.2Level: Understanding (U)

explain the relationship between force and momentum;

SLO 3.4.3Level: Understanding (U)

describe impulse with examples;

SLO 3.4.4Level: Application (A)

solve word problems related to momentum and impulse;

SLO 3.4.5Level: Remembering (K)

state the law of conservation of momentum;

SLO 3.4.6Level: Application (A)

solve word problems using the law of conservation of momentum in one dimension;

SLO 3.4.7Level: Application (A)

apply scientific and engineering ideas to design a device that minimises the force on an object during a collision (e.g., helmet or parachute);

SLO 3.5.1Level: Remembering (K)

define friction;

SLO 3.5.2Level: Understanding (U)

differentiate between rolling friction and sliding friction;

SLO 3.5.3Level: Remembering (K)

list various methods to reduce friction;

SLO 3.6.1Level: Remembering (K)

define centripetal force;

SLO 3.6.2Level: Understanding (U)

exemplify the sources of centripetal force during circular motion in terms of: a. tension, b. frictional force, c. gravitational force.

UNIT 4

Unit 4: Turning Effect of Forces

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SLO 4.1.1Level: Remembering (K)

define like and unlike parallel forces;

SLO 4.1.2Level: Understanding (U)

explain the turning effect of force by relating it to everyday life;

SLO 4.1.3Level: Application (A)

solve word problems related to the moment of force or torque = force × perpendicular distance from the pivot to the line of action of force;

SLO 4.2.1Level: Remembering (K)

state the principle of moments;

SLO 4.2.2Level: Application (A)

solve word problems related to the principle of moments;

SLO 4.3.1Level: Remembering (K)

define centre of gravity and centre of mass of a body;

SLO 4.3.2Level: Understanding (U)

explain effects of position of the centre of gravity on the stability of simple objects;

SLO 4.4.1Level: Remembering (K)

define equilibrium;

SLO 4.4.2Level: Understanding (U)

classify the different types of equilibrium by using examples from everyday life;

SLO 4.4.3Level: Remembering (K)

state the conditions of equilibrium;

SLO 4.4.4Level: Understanding (U)

explain different conditions of equilibrium with examples;

SLO 4.4.5Level: Understanding (U)

describe the states of equilibrium and classify them with common examples.

UNIT 5

Unit 5: Deformation of Solids

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SLO 5.1.1Level: Application (A)

illustrate that force may produce a change in the size and shape of an object;

SLO 5.1.2Level: Remembering (K)

state Hooke’s law;

SLO 5.1.3Level: Remembering (K)

define spring constant;

SLO 5.1.4Level: Application (A)

solve word problems using the relation k = F/x;

SLO 5.1.5Level: Understanding (U)

describe applications of Hook’s law in measuring instruments such as spring scale, galvanometer, and balance wheel of mechanical clock;

SLO 5.1.6Level: Application (A)

interpret load extension graphs for elastic solids.

UNIT 6

Unit 6: Work, Energy and Power

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SLO 6.1.1Level: Remembering (K)

define work and state its SI unit;

SLO 6.1.2Level: Application (A)

solve word problems related to workdone;

SLO 6.2.1Level: Remembering (K)

define energy with its SI unit;

SLO 6.2.2Level: Understanding (U)

describe forms of energy stored in various objects such as gravitational potential, chemical, elastic (strain), nuclear, electrostatic and internal (thermal) energies;

SLO 6.3.1Level: Understanding (U)

compare kinetic energy (K.E) and potential energy (P.E);

SLO 6.3.2Level: Application (A)

derive the formulae of kinetic energy K.E = ½ mv2 and potential energy P.E = mgΔh;

SLO 6.3.3Level: Application (A)

solve word problems related to the kinetic and potential energy;

SLO 6.4.1Level: Remembering (K)

state law of conservation of energy;

SLO 6.4.2Level: Understanding (U)

describe the processes that convert energy from one form to another with reference to: a. biomass power generation b. car engines, c. geothermal power, d. hydroelectric generation, e. nuclear reactors, f. solar power panels, g. wind turbine,

SLO 6.4.3Level: Application (A)

discuss that perpetual machines do not work;

SLO 6.4.4Level: Remembering (K)

list the environmental issues associated with power generation;

SLO 6.4.5Level: Understanding (U)

differentiate between non-renewable and renewable energy sources with examples of each;

SLO 6.4.6Level: Understanding (U)

describe the advantages and disadvantages of different methods of power generation;

SLO 6.5.1Level: Remembering (K)

define the efficiency of a working system;

SLO 6.5.2Level: Application (A)

calculate the efficiency of an energy conversion system using the formula: Efficiency (%) = energy converted into the required form / total energy input;

SLO 6.5.3Level: Understanding (U)

explain that a system cannot have an efficiency of 100%;

SLO 6.6.1Level: Remembering (K)

define power;

SLO 6.6.2Level: Application (A)

solve word problems related to the concept of power;

SLO 6.6.3Level: Application (A)

explore different innovative energy transfer devices used in transportation and communication.

UNIT 7

Unit 7: Pressure

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SLO 7.1.1Level: Remembering (K)

define the term 'density';

SLO 7.1.2Level: Understanding (U)

compare the densities of three states of matter (solids, liquids and gases);

SLO 7.1.3Level: Application (A)

solve word problems using the relation of density;

SLO 7.1.4Level: Application (A)

compare the densities of different liquids to prepare a well-balanced shake/ smoothie for a restaurant;

SLO 7.2.1Level: Remembering (K)

define the term 'pressure';

SLO 7.2.2Level: Understanding (U)

explain that pressure varies with force and area with the help of real-life examples;

SLO 7.3.1Level: Understanding (U)

explain atmospheric pressure;

SLO 7.3.2Level: Understanding (U)

describe the use of the height of a liquid column to measure the atmospheric pressure (barometer);

SLO 7.3.3Level: Understanding (U)

describe that atmospheric pressure decreases with the increase in height above the earth's surface;

SLO 7.3.4Level: Understanding (U)

explain that changes in atmospheric pressure in a region may indicate a change in the weather;

SLO 7.4.1Level: Understanding (U)

state Pascal's law;

SLO 7.4.2Level: Application (A)

discuss the use of Pascal's law (including hydraulic press and hydraulic brakes on vehicles);

SLO 7.4.3Level: Understanding (U)

explain pressure beneath a liquid surface increase with depth and depends on the density of the liquid, i.e., P = ρgh;

SLO 7.4.4Level: Application (A)

solve word problems related to the relationship between pressure, depth and liquid density;

SLO 7.4.5Level: Application (A)

discuss the working and applications of liquid manometer.

UNIT 8

Unit 8: Thermal Physics

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SLO 8.1.1Level: Remembering (K)

state the basic assumptions of the kinetic theory of matter;

SLO 8.1.2Level: Understanding (U)

compare the structure of solids, liquids and gases based on the kinetic theory of matter;

SLO 8.1.3Level: Understanding (U)

describe plasma as the fourth state of matter;

SLO 8.1.4Level: Remembering (K)

state the relationship between the motion of particles and temperature;

SLO 8.1.5Level: Application (A)

discuss that an increase in the temperature of an object increases its internal energy;

SLO 8.2.1Level: Understanding (U)

describe the thermal expansion of solids in terms of: a. linear expansion, b. volumetric expansion;

SLO 8.2.10Level: Understanding (U)

describe factors that influence the rate of surface evaporation;

SLO 8.2.2Level: Understanding (U)

explain the thermal expansion of liquids as the: a. real expansion, b. apparent expansion;

SLO 8.2.3Level: Remembering (K)

define the terms 'heat capacity' and 'specific heat capacity';

SLO 8.2.4Level: Understanding (U)

describe latent heat of fusion and latent heat of vaporisation;

SLO 8.2.5Level: Understanding (U)

describe melting, solidification, boiling and condensation in terms of energy transfer without the change in temperature;

SLO 8.2.6Level: Application (A)

determine heat of fusion and heat of vaporisation of ice and water respectively by sketching a temperature-time graph;

SLO 8.2.7Level: Application (A)

solve word problems involving the concept of specific heat capacity, latent heat of fusion and vaporisation;

SLO 8.2.8Level: Understanding (U)

describe the process of evaporation and how it is different from boiling;

SLO 8.2.9Level: Understanding (U)

explain that evaporation causes cooling;

SLO 8.3.1Level: Understanding (U)

describe the Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin temperature scales and their relationships using fixed reference points;

SLO 8.3.2Level: Application (A)

convert temperature from one scale to another (Fahrenheit, Celsius and Kelvin scales);

SLO 8.3.3Level: Understanding (U)

explain that a physical property that varies with temperature can be used as a criteria to measure temperature;

SLO 8.3.4Level: Application (A)

illustrate the sensitivity, range and linearity of thermometers using diagram;

SLO 8.3.5Level: Understanding (U)

compare liquid in glass thermometer and thermo-couple on the bases of structure, sensitivity, range and linearity.

UNIT 9

Unit 9: Transfer of Thermal Energy

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SLO 9.1.1Level: Understanding (U)

explain thermal conduction in solids;

SLO 9.1.2Level: Remembering (K)

define the term ‘thermal conductivity’;

SLO 9.1.3Level: Understanding (U)

describe the factors affecting the transfer of heat through solid conductors;

SLO 9.1.4Level: Application (A)

solve word problems related to the thermal conductivity of solid conductors;

SLO 9.1.5Level: Understanding (U)

describe good and bad conductors of heat with examples;

SLO 9.1.6Level: Remembering (K)

list the uses of good and bad conductors;

SLO 9.2.1Level: Understanding (U)

explain convection in liquids and gases in terms of density changes with reference to the following real-life examples: a. gliders, b. flying of birds, c. land breezes and sea breezes;

SLO 9.2.2Level: Application (A)

design a thought experiment to illustrate convection;

SLO 9.2.3Level: Understanding (U)

describe that convection currents in seawater facilitate the distribution of heat, nutrients, and oxygen in supporting marine ecosystems;

SLO 9.3.1Level: Remembering (K)

define the process of thermal energy transfer by radiation;

SLO 9.3.2Level: Understanding (U)

describe the effect of surface colour (black or white) and texture (dull or shiny) on the emission, absorption and reflection of infrared radiation;

SLO 9.3.3Level: Understanding (U)

describe that the rate of emission of radiation depends on the surface temperature and surface area of an object;

SLO 9.3.4Level: Application (A)

design experiments to distinguish between good and bad emitters of infrared radiation;

SLO 9.4.1Level: Application (A)

discuss everyday applications of conduction, convection and radiation including: a. heating objects such as kitchen pans, b. heating of room by convection, c. measuring temperature using an infrared thermometer, d. using thermal insulation to maintain the temperature of a liquid and to reduce thermal energy transfer in buildings, e. the mechanism of a household hot-water system;

SLO 9.4.2Level: Understanding (U)

describe the greenhouse effect based on heat radiation emitted by the sun;

SLO 9.4.3Level: Application (A)

explore the impacts of heat transfer and conservation on people’s bedding and clothing in various climatic regions of South Asia.

UNIT 10

Unit 10: Nature of Science

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SLO 10.1.1Level: Understanding (U)

describe Physics as the study of matter, energy, space, time and their interactions;

SLO 10.2.1Level: Remembering (K)

mention Physics as a subset of physical and natural science;

SLO 10.2.2Level: Understanding (U)

relate different branches of physics with real-life examples;

SLO 10.3.1Level: Remembering (K)

define different scientific methods (hypothesis, theory and law) for carrying out investigations;

SLO 10.4.1Level: Understanding (U)

describe the importance of Physics in science, technology and engineering.